Glossary

A

advertisement
(noun) a short piece of writing, for example in a newspaper or on the internet, that advertises a job with a particular company or organisation.

Example: He spotted a job advertisement for a reporter on a current affairs TV program.

Pronunciation: /əd'vʒ:tɪsmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: advertisement


academic year
(noun) the period of the year during which students attend an educational institution, usually from September to June. Also called school year.

Example: Our academic year begins in September.

Pronunciation: /,ækə'demɪk/ /jɪə(r)/

Oxford Dictionaries Online: academic year


accreditation
(noun) if something has accreditation, it is officially accepted as being of a particular standard.

Example: The school district lost its accreditation last year and faces a state takeover in June if test scores fail to improve.

Pronunciation: /ə,kredɪ'teɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: accreditation


aim
(noun) A result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve.

Example: Our short-term aim is to deal with our current financial difficulties, but our long-term aim is to improve the company's profitability.

Pronunciation: /eim/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: aim


appendix
(noun) a separate part at the end of a report, legal document, book, etc. which gives extra information.

Example: Financial projections are included in an appendix to the business plan.

Pronunciation: /ə'pendɪks/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: appendix


applicant
(noun) someone who has applied for a job, a place on a course, etc.

Example: Many applicants simply don't meet hiring requirements.

Pronunciation: /'æplɪkənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: applicant


application form
(noun) a form that you complete in order to apply for a job, a place on a course, etc. or to get something such as a loan or license.

Example: Sometimes you will be required to fill in an application form which will be used to select candidates for interview.

Pronunciation: / ,æplɪ'keɪʃn/ /fɔ:m/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: application form


application letter
(noun) a letter than you write to a company when you are applying for a job.

Example: It is better to write an individually tailored application letter for each job.

Pronunciation: / ,æplɪ'keɪʃn/ /'letə(r)/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: application letter


aptitude
(noun) A natural ability or skill.

Example: She has a special aptitude for mathematics

Pronunciation: /æp.ti.tju:d/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: aptitude


assessment
(noun) the process of considering all the information about a situation or a person and making a judgement.

Example: The first thing you must do is make an assessment of the situation.

Pronunciation: /ə'sesmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: assessment


attach
(verb) if someone is attached to a department or company, they are sent to work there temporarily for a particular purpose.

Example: Tom was attached to the Marketing Department for six months.

Pronunciation: /ə'tætʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: attach


attribution
(noun) when something is attributed to a particular person or thing, for example when it is said to be the work of someone else or the result of something else.

Example: The usual attribution of the work to Leonardo is now disputed by several experts.

Pronunciation: /,æt.rɪ'bju:ʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: attribution


awareness
(noun) Knowledge and understanding of a particular activity, subject, etc...

Example: Recent campaigns have led to a dramatic increase in awareness of environmental issues.

Pronunciation: /əˈweənəs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: awareness


B

benchmark
(noun) a level of quality that can be used as a standard against which to compare other things.

Example: They set the benchmark for ethical beauty packaging.

Pronunciation: /ˈbenʃmɑːk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: benchmark


benchmarking
(verb) to measure the quality of something by comparing it with something else of an accepted standard.

Example: His reports said that all schools should be benchmarked against the best.

Pronunciation: /'bentʃ.ma:kiɳ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: benchmarking


beneficiary
(noun) a person or group that receives money, advantages, help, etc. from something.

Example: London will be the beneficiary of investment in its transport system.

Pronunciation: /,benɪ'fɪʃərɪ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: beneficiary


board of directors
(noun) the group of people who shareholders choose to manage a company or organization.

Example: Approval by the board of directors is required to implement the new strategy.

Pronunciation: /bɔ:d//ɒv/ /dɪ'rektə(r)s/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: board of directors


board representation
(noun) a situation in which investors or employees have someone to represent them on the board of directors and are therefore involved in making decisions.

Example: The family still owns a third of the shares but has no board representation.

Pronunciation: /bɔ:d/ /,reprɪzen'teɪʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: board representation


branch
(noun) one of the offices or groups that form part of a large business organization.

Example: Many banks have promoted online services and closed branches.

Pronunciation: /bra:nʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: branch


C

channel
(noun) a way in which products or services are made available to customers.

Example: The insurer sells its products through a variety of channels, including banks, wholesalers, and its own sales force.

Pronunciation: /'tʃænl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: channel


collectivism
(noun) a theory or political system based on the principle that all factories, farms, etc. should be controlled by or for all the people of a country.

Example: They believed in industrial collectivism, that industry should be run by the workpeople for the workpeople, through the trade unions.

Pronunciation: /kə'lektɪvɪzm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: collectivism


competence
(noun) The state or quality of being adequately or well qualified; ability.

Example: He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English.

Pronunciation: /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənts/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: competence


concern
(noun) the fact of feeling worried about something, or something that makes you worry.

Example: There was a lot of public concern over the new legislation.

Pronunciation: /kənˈsɜːn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: concern


context
(noun) the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it.

Example: This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history.

Pronunciation: /'kɒn.tekst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: context


contract
(noun) A formal agreement between two people or companies, or a legal document that explains the details of this agreement.

Example: The contract for the new drilling platform went to a Dutch company.

Pronunciation: /'kɒntrækt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: contract


cooperation
(noun) The process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents.

Example: This documentary was made with the cooperation of British Rail.

Pronunciation: /kəʊ,ɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: cooperation


covering letter/note
(noun) A letter sent with other documents to explain more fully or provide more information. (US cover letter/note).

Example: Please send a covering letter with your application form.

Pronunciation: /ˈkʌv.ər.ɪɳ/ /ˈlet.ər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: covering letter/note


culture
(noun) The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.

Example: You will need time to get used to working in a different culture.

Pronunciation: /ˈkʌltʃər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: culture


culture shock
(noun) A feeling of confusion felt by someone visiting a country or place that they do not know.

Example: It was a real culture shock to find herself in London after living on a small island.

Pronunciation: /ˈkʌltʃər/ /ʃɒk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: culture shock


CV
(noun) A short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs, and sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer when you are trying to get a job.

Example: This type of project management is a great thing to have on your CV.

Pronunciation: /,si:'vi:/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: CV


D

degree
(noun) an amount or level of something.

Example: This job demands a high degree of skill.

Pronunciation: /dɪ'gri:/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: degree


direct
(adjective) without anyone or anything else being involved or coming between two people or things.

Example: She decided to take direct control of the project.

Pronunciation: /dɪ'rekt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: direct


directness
(noun) the quality of being direct; straightness; straightforwardness; immediateness.

Example: His directness is much appreciated by his patients.

Pronunciation: /də'rektnəs/

Answers.com: directness


discrimination
(noun) the practice of treating particular people, companies, or products differently from others, especially in an unfair way.

Example: He will work in partnership with a range of organizations to help eliminate discrimination against disabled people.

Pronunciation: /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: discrimination


diversity
(noun) the fact of there being people of many different groups in society, within an organization, etc.

Example: We are an equal opportunities employer committed to diversity in the workplace.

Pronunciation: /daɪ'vɜ:səti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: diversity


draft
(noun) A representation of something to be constructed.

Example: This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well.

Pronunciation: /dra:ft/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: draft

E

economic migrant
(noun) a person who leaves their home country to live in another country with better work or living conditions.

Example: As you are in this country to work you are an economic migrant.

Pronunciation: /i:kə'nɒm.ɪk/ /'maɪ.grənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: economic migrant


e-learning
(noun) the process of providing courses on the internet or an intranet.

Example: E-learning is becoming an increasingly popular training option as technology developments have rendered it less costly.

Pronunciation: /'i:lɜ:nɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: e-learning


employability
(noun) the skills and abilities that allow you to be employed.

Example: There will no longer be jobs for life, but employability for life.

Pronunciation: /ɪm,plɔɪə'bɪləti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: employability


enhance
(verb) To improve the quality, amount or strength of something.

Example: These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation.

Pronunciation: /ɪnˈhɑ:nts/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: enhance


enrol
(verb) to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a group, course, or college.

Example: Under the new rules, employees could be enrolled in a company-sponsored retirement program unless they opt out of it.

Pronunciation: /ɪn'rəʊl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: enrol


enterprise
(noun) an organization, a company, or a business.

Example: He was responsible for building the pizza company into a billion-dollar enterprise.

Pronunciation: /'entəpraɪz/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: enterprise


entrepreneur
(noun) a person who sets up a businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

Example: The music enterpreneur pulled back from financing a screenplay Hopper had written.

Pronunciation: /,ɒntrə'nə:/

Oxford Dictionaries Online: entrepreneur


exchange
(verb) To give and receive reciprocally.

Example: Every month the group meets so its members can exchange their views opinions.

Pronunciation: /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: exchange


expatriate
(noun) someone who does not live in their own country.

Example: A large community of expatriates has settled there.

Pronunciation: /ɪk'spætriət/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: expatriate


experience
(noun) knowledge or skill that you get from doing, seeing, or feeling things, or the process of getting this.

Example: His knowledge and experience will be a great asset to the board in our future growth.

Pronunciation: /ɪk'spɪəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: experience


F

field
(noun) an area of study or activity.

Example: He's an expert in the field of biochemistry.

Pronunciation: /'fi:ld/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: field


fill in
(verb) to write the necessary information on an official document.

Example: To fill in a questionnaire.

Pronunciation: /fɪl/ /ɪn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: fill in


financing
(noun) money that a person or company borrows for a particular purpose, or the process of getting this money or arranging for it to be paid.

Example: The bank agreed to provide financing for a new warehouse.

Pronunciation: /'faɪnænsɪɳ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: financing


foreign language
(noun) any language used in a country other than one's own; a language that is studied mostly for cultural insight.

Example: Spanish has been present longer than English, but since the majority of the population are native speakers of English, Spanish is often termed a foreign language.

Pronunciation: /'fɒr,ən/ /'læɳ,gwɪdʒ/

Dictionary.com: foreign language


framework
(noun) a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something.

Example: The future trade agenda can provide an important framework for restoring sustainable growth.

Pronunciation: /'freɪmwʒ:k/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: framework


free of charge
(adverb) without payment.

Example: I'll give you this free of charge.

Pronunciation: /fri:/ /ɒv/ /'tʃa:dʒ/

Dictionary.com: free of charge


fulfil
(verb) to do something that is necessary, or to cause it to happen.

Example: They claimed that the goods did not fulfil the terms of the agreement.

Pronunciation: /fʊl'fɪl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: fulfil


full-time job
(noun) something that takes a lot of your time.

Example: Finding the right insurance for your needs is a full-time job.

Pronunciation: /fʊl/ /taɪm/ /dʒɒb/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: full-time job


funded debt
(noun) loan in which the person or organization borrowing the money is certain to have money available to make interest payments, and to pay the money back when the loans end.

Example: The figure must be included in the statement of the total amount of funded debt outstanding.

Pronunciation: /'fʌndid/ /det/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: funded debt


further education
(noun) education below the level of a university degree for people who are older than school age.

Example: She teaches at a college of futher education.

Pronunciation: /'fʒ:ðə(r)/ /,edʒʊ'keɪʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: futher education


G

goal
(noun) The desired long-term outcomes of individualized instruction. An aim or purpose.

Example: They have set themselves a series of goals to achieve by the end of the month.

Pronunciation: /gəʊl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: goal


graduate
(verb) to complete your education successfully at a university, college, or, in the US, at school.

Example: He graduated from Cambridge University in 2006.

Pronunciation: /'grædjueɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: graduate


Graduate recruitment
(noun) a job, plan for employing, or training programme that is provided by companies for students who have recently graduated from college or university.

Example: The level of graduate recruitment among the top eight accountancy firms has fallen by 9% over the past year.

Pronunciation: /'grædjueɪt/ /rɪ'kru:tmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: graduate recruitment


grant
(verb) To consent to the fulfilment of something.

Example: They granted her an entry visa.

Pronunciation: /grɑ:nt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: grant


gross annual income
(noun) the total amount of a person's or organization's income in a one-year period before tax is paid on it.

Example: Her gross annual income was $50,000.

Pronunciation: /grəʊs/ /'ænjuəl/ /'ɪnkʌm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: gross annual income


guidance
(noun) Counseling, such as that provided for students seeking advice about vocational and educational matters.

Example: We hope the guidance will be useful to students both on their training and once they are working.

Pronunciation: /ˈgaɪ.dənts/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: guidance


guide
(noun) something that helps you form an opinion or make a decision about something else.

Example: Examine your financial goals using the checklist on page 120 as a guide.

Pronunciation: /gaɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: guide

H

hallmark
(noun) an attitude or quality that is thought to be typical of a person or organization.

Example: Recent documentaries have embodied the pioneering spirit that has come to be the channel's hallmark.

Pronunciation: /'hɔ:lma:k/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: hallmark


handling
(noun) the way that someone deals with a situation or person.

Example: President Kennedy made his reputation with his handling of the Cuban missile crisis.

Pronunciation: /ˈhænd.lɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: handling


higher education
(noun) education at a college or university where subjects are studied at an advanced level.

Example: He worked in higher education for over 40 years.

Pronunciation: /ˈhaɪ.ər/ /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: higher education


high-profile
(adjective) attracting a lot of attention and interest from the public and newspapers, television, etc.

Example: He resigned from a high-profile job as economic adviser to the prime minister.

Pronunciation: /ˌhaɪˈprəʊ.faɪl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: high-profile


hire
(verb) To employ someone new to work.

Example: Employers hire on attitude over skills.

Pronunciation: /haɪər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: hire


host country
(noun) a country where a company that is based in another country has business activities

Example: When production costs are raised in the host country, the company can easily move its activities to another country.

Pronunciation: /həʊst/ /ˈkʌn.tri/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: host country


I

idea
(noun) a suggestion or plan for doing something.

Example: He came up with the idea of promoting the two products together.

Pronunciation: /aɪˈdɪə/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: idea


inception
(noun) the beginning of an organization, official activity, system, or agreement.

Example: Since its inception in 1968, the company has been at the forefront of computer development.

Pronunciation: /ɪn'sepʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: inception


incorporation
(noun) the act of making a company or organization into a legal corporation (a particular type of company).

Example: The number of incorporations registered in the state this year reached its highest level.

Pronunciation: /ɪn,kɔ:pr'eɪʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: incorporation


indirect
(adjective) not done or communicated in a direct way.

Example: We decided to take an indirect approach to tackling the problem of absenteeism.

Pronunciation: /,ɪndɪ'rekt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: indirect


individualism
(noun) the principle that the single person is more important than the group and that people should work and own things for their own advantage.

Example: What remains of the public realm in an era of economic individualism?

Pronunciation: /,ɪndɪ'vɪʤuəlɪzm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: individualism


industrial relations
(noun) the relationships between employees and employers, including whether employees are happy with their pay and working conditions.

Example: The history of industrial relations in the UK demonstrates the scope for conflict between employer and employee.

Pronunciation: /ɪn'dʌstriəl/ /rɪ'leɪʃnz/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: industrial relations


influence
(noun) a person or thing that is able to have an effect on other people or on events.

Example: International influences in the form of technology, systems and capital have historically been a feature of industrialization and economic growth.

Pronunciation: /ˈɪnfluəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: influence


initiative
(noun) the ability to use your own judgment to make decisions without asking another person's advice.

Example: Candidates for the job must be capable of working on their own initiative.

Pronunciation: /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: initiative


integration
(noun) the process of becoming part of a group of people.

Example: The purpose of the introduction program is to encourage the integration of new staff into the team.

Pronunciation: /,ɪntɪ'greɪʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: integration


intercultural
(adjective) relating to or involving more than one culture.

Example: The website aims to promote intercultural understanding.

Pronunciation: /,ɪntə'kʌltʃrl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: intercultural


interlocutor
(noun) Someone who arranges a deal or agreement between two organizations or groups, or who speaks on behalf of an organization or group of people.

Example: The vast majority of our interlocutors from the retail sector indicated that they would not be interested in parallel trade, for fear of spoiling long-term relations with their manufacturers.

Pronunciation: /ˌɪntəˈlɒkjʊtər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: interlocutor


international affairs
(noun) events and activities that involve the governments, politics, economies, etc. of different countries.

Example: He is the director of international affairs and trade at the Government Accountability Office.

Pronunciation: /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənəl/ /əˈfeər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: international affairs


internship
(noun) a period of time during which a student works for a company or organization in order to get experience of a particular type of work.

Example: The business students often do an internship during their long vacation in e-commerce program.

Pronunciation: /'ɪntɜ:nʃɪp/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: internship


interview
(noun) a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a job or course.

Example: I had an interview for a job with a publishing firm.

Pronunciation: /ˈɪn.tə.vjuː/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: interview


immersion
(noun) The act of becoming completely involved in something.

Example: She got some books out of the library and immersed herself in Jewish history and culture.

Pronunciation: /ɪˈmɜː.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: immersion


J

job hunter
(noun) someone who is trying to find a job.

Example: Many of the 200,000 graduate job hunters this year may struggle to find satisfactory employment.

Pronunciation: /ʤɒb//ˈhʌntə/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: job hunter


job market
(noun) the number of jobs that are available in a particular place or for a particular type of work.

Example: It is hard for low-skilled workers to earn their way out of poverty in a though job market that favours skilled and educated workers.

Pronunciation: /ʤɒb/ /'ma:kɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: job market


job satisfaction
(noun) the feeling of pleasure and achievement which you experience in your job when you know that your work is worth doing, or the degree to which your work gives you this feeling.

Example: Many people are more interested in job satisfaction than in earning large amounts of money.

Pronunciation: /dʒɒb/ /ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: job satisfaction


job seeking
(noun) The act of looking for employment, due to unemployment or discontent with a current position. The immediate goal of job seeking is usually to obtain a job interview with an employer which may lead to getting hired. The job hunter or seeker typically first looks for job vacancies or employment opportunities.

Example: When you're job seeking, it can be hard to know which resources are the best to use.

Pronunciation: /ˈdʒɒb/ /si:.kɪɳ/

Wikipedia: job seeking


judgment
(noun) a decision that you make, or an opinion that you have, after considering all the facts in a situation.

Example: Shareholders should back the company's judgment and take up their rights.

Pronunciation: /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: judgment


K

L

labour
(noun) practical work, especially that which involves physical effort.

Example: The car parts themselves are not expensive, it's the labour that costs the money.

Pronunciation: /ˈleɪ.bər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: labour


labour market
(noun) the supply of people in a particular country or area who are able and willing to work.

Example: More women are being encouraged into the labour market these days.

Pronunciation: /ˈleɪ.bər/ /ˈmɑː.kɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: labour market


labour mobility
(noun) the degree to which people are able and willing to move from one job to another or from one area to another in order to work.

Example: We need to encourage labour mobility as a key part of a healthy growing economy.

Pronunciation: /'leɪbə/ /mə'bɪlɪti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: labour mobility


labour relations
(noun) the relationships between employees and employers.

Example: Many leading-edge manufacturers are searching for ways to improve labour relations.

Pronunciation: /'leɪbə/ /rɪ'leɪʃnz/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: labour relations


launch
(verb) to begin something such as a plan or introduce something new such as a product.

Example: The airline will launch its new transatlantic service next month.

Pronunciation: /lɔːntʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: launch


lecturer
(noun) someone who teaches at a college or university.

Example: He is a lecturer in psychology.

Pronunciation: /ləʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: lecturer


location
(noun) a place or position.

Example: The hotel is in a lovely location overlooking the lake.

Pronunciation: /ˈlek.tʃər.ər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: location


long-term
(adjective) continuing a long time into the future.

Example: The long-term effects of the drug.

Pronunciation: /ˌlɒŋˈtɜːm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: long-term


M

mailing list
(noun) a list of names and addresses kept by an organization so that it can send information and advertisements to the people on the list.

Example: I asked to be put on their mailing list.

Pronunciation: /ˈmeɪlɪŋ/ /lɪst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: mailing list


management
(noun) the activity or job of being in charge of a company, organization, department, or team of employees.

Example: Environmental concerns are being integrated more and more into business management.

Pronunciation: /'mænɪʤmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: management


mark
(noun) a number or score saying how good something is or how well someone has done.

Example: We give them a mark out of ten for service, food quality, and value for money.

Pronunciation: /mɑːk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: mark


market
(noun) the business or activity of buying and selling a particular product or service.

Example: The battle for control of the London Stock Exchange aims to create a truly global market in shares.

Pronunciation: /'ma:kɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: market


marketing
(noun) a job that involves encouraging people to buy a product or service.

Example: Our marketing people have come up with a great idea for the launch of the new model.

Pronunciation: /ˈmɑː.kɪ.tɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: marketing


market-oriented
(adjective) a market-oriented economy is organized so that companies, prices, and production are controlled naturally by the demand for goods and services rather than by government.

Example: A market-oriented economy may offer an uncertain future.

Pronunciation: /'ma:kɪt//ˈɔːrientɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: market-oriented


market research
(noun) the collection and study of information about what people prefer to buy, how they react to advertising, and what other businesses in the same industry are doing.

Example: Carrying out market research showed that customers thought our phones were too heavy and too ugly.

Pronunciation: /'ma:kɪt//rɪˈsɜːtʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: market research


master
(noun) a person who is very skilled in a particular job or activity.

Example: She is a master of the art of persuasion.

Pronunciation: /ˈmɑːstər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: master


matching
(noun) the act of giving or offering the same amount of money as has been given, collected, or offered by someone else.

Example: Price matching is not our usual policy.

Pronunciation: /'mætʃɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: matching


means
(noun) a method or way of doing something.

Example: We need to find some other means of transportation.

Pronunciation: /miːnz/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: means


meeting
(noun) an occasion when a group of people meet in order to discuss something.

Example: In a statement issued after the meeting, the board announced their decision to go ahead with the merger.

Pronunciation: /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: meeting


message
(noun) a short piece of information that you give or send to a person when you cannot speak to them directly.// The main idea in advertisement, speech, etc., or something that you want to tell people.

Example: There was a message for you from the catering company.// The ad's main message should be that our products are safe to use.

Pronunciation: /'mesɪʤ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: message


message board
(noun) a place on a website where you can leave messages for other people to read.

Example: If this is your first visit to the message board, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking on the link above.

Pronunciation: /'mesɪʤ/ /bɔ:d/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: message board


methodology
(noun) a system of ways of doing, teaching, or studying something.

Example: The methodology and findings of the research team have been criticized.

Pronunciation: /ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: methodology


mobility
(noun) The movement of people, as from one social group, class, or level to another. The ability to move freely or be easily moved.

Example: Increasing student mobility and improving employability of graduates are among the key objectives of the Bologna process.

Pronunciation: /məʊˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: mobility


motivation
(noun) enthusiasm for doing something.

Example: He's a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.

Pronunciation: /ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: motivation


motive
(noun) a reason for doing something.

Example: Why would she have killed him? She has no motive.

Pronunciation: /ˈməʊ.tɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: motive


N

national
(adjective) relating to or typical of a whole country and its people, rather than to part of that country or to other countries.

Example: Britain has more than ten national newspapers.

Pronunciation: /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: national


national insurance
(noun) a system in the UK in which the government collects money from companies and workers and makes payments to people who are too old or ill to work or who have no job.

Example: In the UK there is a system called national insurance.

Pronunciation: /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/ /ɪnˈʃɔː.rəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: national insurance


negotiation
(noun) the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or the discussions themselves.

Example: The agreement was reached after a series of difficult negotiations.

Pronunciation: /nəˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: negotiation


networking
(noun) the activity of trying to meet people who might be useful to know, especially in your job.

Example: It was a good opportunity to do some networking.

Pronunciation: /'netwɜ:kɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: networking


notification
(noun) the act of telling someone officially about something that has happened or will happen, or a document that does this.

Example: You must give the bank notification in writing if you wish to close your account.

Pronunciation: /ˌnəʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: notification


nurture
(verb) to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop// to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful.

Example: As a record company director, his job is to nurture young talent.

Pronunciation: /ˈnɜː.tʃər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: nurture


O

objective
(noun) something that you are planning to do or achieve.

Example: Management must set clear objectives that everyone subscribes to.

Pronunciation: /əbˈdʒektɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: objective


occupational
(adjective) relating to someone's job.

Example: The occupational group of secretaries accounts for one in four of all agency workers.

Pronunciation: /ˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃənəl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: occupational


official language
(noun) the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc.

Example: English is the official language and government must do its business in English.

Pronunciation: /əˈfɪʃəl/ /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: official language


operate
(verb) to do business in or from a particular place.

Example: We operate in 50 countries around the world.

Pronunciation: /ˈɒpəreɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: operate


option
(noun) one of a number of choices or decisions you can make, or the ability or freedom to choose what you do.

Example: You need to think very carefully about the various options.

Pronunciation: /ˈɒpʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: option


organization
(noun) a company or other group of people that works together for a particular purpose.

Example: Most organizations nowadays are under increasing pressure to be more accountable to multiple stakeholders.

Pronunciation: /ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: organization


organizational analysis
(noun) the process of examining a company or organization to find ways of making it more effective.

Example: We are going to carry out an organizational analysis.

Pronunciation: /ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃənəl/ /əˈnæləsɪs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: organizational analysis


outline
(verb) To describe something, for example a new plan or idea, way without giving too many details.

Example: The government has outlined a series of environmental goal, meet by 2020.

Pronunciation: /'aʊtlaɪn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: outline


P

paralanguage
(noun) The non-lexical component of communication by speech, for example intonation, hesitation noises, gestures, and facial expression.

Example: Paralanguage varies from one language to another.

Pronunciation: /'parɘˌlæŋ.gwɪdʒ/

Oxford Dictionaries Online: paralanguage


particularity
(noun) the quality of being exact or very detailed.

Example: The paticularities of the case have not been revealed.

Pronunciation: /pə,tɪk.jʊ'lær.ə.ti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: particularity


partner
(noun) a person or organization you are closely involved with in some way.

Example: Lauren opened the design studio with her business partner Myra.

Pronunciation: /ˈpɑːtnər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: partner


partnership
(noun) an agreement between organizations, people, etc. to work together.

Example: The government is promoting a partnership between the state and the private sector.

Pronunciation: /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: partnership


part-time
(adv/Adj) If you work part-time or do part-time work, you work for only some of the day or the week.

Example: After my children were born I decided to go part-time.

Pronunciation: /ˌpɑːtˈtaɪm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: part-time


pay period
(noun) the amount of time that an employee works before being paid, for example a week or a month.

Example: The length of notice to quit that you must give often depends on your pay period.

Pronunciation: /peɪ/ /ˈpɪəriəd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: pay period


perception
(noun) the way that someone thinks and feels about a company, product, service, etc.

Example: Sometimes the experience of going through the course changes people's perceptions about entrepreneurship.

Pronunciation: /pə'sepʃn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: perception


performance
(noun) how successful an investment, company, etc. is and how much profit it makes.

Example: The Fund's past performance does not necessarily indicate how it will perform in the future.

Pronunciation: /pəˈfɔːməns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: performance


period
(noun) a length of time.

Example: Profit fell 75.1% from the same period a year ago.

Pronunciation: /ˈpɪəriəd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: period


permanence
(noun) staying the same or continuing for a long time.

Example: A loving family environment gives children that sense of stability and permanence which they need.

Pronunciation: /ˈpɜː.mə.nəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: permanence


placement
(noun) The finding of suitable accommodation or employment for applicants.

Example:The trainee teachers do a school placement in the summer term.

Pronunciation: /ˈpleɪs.mənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: placement


preference
(noun) an advantage or better treatment that is given to a person or a group of people.

Example:This small-business program gives preference to minority- and women-owned companies.

Pronunciation: /ˈprefərəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: preference


presentation
(noun) a talk to a group in which information about a new product, plan, etc. is presented.

Example:They gave a PowerPoint presentation explaining what they hoped to accomplish.

Pronunciation: /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: presentation


private
(adjective) owned or controlled by one person or company, rather than by a government.

Example:Much of the funding for this type of investment comes from public, rather than private, sources.

Pronunciation: /ˈpraɪvɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: private


profession
(noun) a job that needs a high level of education or special training.

Example:What is it like to work in a profession where more than 97% of your colleagues are men?

Pronunciation: /prəˈfeʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: profession


professionalism
(noun) the combination of all the qualities that are connected with trained and skilled people.

Example: He praised her professionalism and dynamism.

Pronunciation: /prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl.ɪ.zəm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: professionalism


profile
(noun) a short description of someone or something that gives important and useful details about them.

Example: The website lists more than 1,000 profiles of small companies.

Pronunciation: /ˈprəʊfaɪl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: profile


project
(noun) a piece of planned work or an activity which is done over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular purpose.

Example: The date for starting the project will be set once financing is completed.

Pronunciation: /ˈprɒdʒekt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: project


project management
(noun) the activity of organizing and controlling a project.

Example: We are looking for a candidate with strong project management skills.

Pronunciation: /ˈprɒdʒekt/ /ˈmænɪdʒmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: project management


promote
(verb) To raise to a more important or responsible job or rank.

Example: After she completed college, the employer promoted her to Finance and Insurance Manager.

Pronunciation: /prəˈməʊt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: promote


proposal
(noun) a formal suggestion, plan, or idea, often a written one.

Example: The Senate rejected the proposal for a rise in Brazil's minimum wage.

Pronunciation: /prəˈpəʊzəl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: proposal


post
(noun) letters and packages that are sent to homes or places of work.

Example: I've got a lot of post to open.

Pronunciation: /pəʊst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: post


public
(adjective) relating to the government and to the services it provides to people.

Example: She has said repeatedly that she would not seek public office again.

Pronunciation: /ˈpʌblɪk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: public


purchase
(noun) the act of buying something.

Example: How do you wish to pay for your purchases?

Pronunciation: /ˈpɜːtʃəs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: purchase


Q

qualification
(noun) an official record showing that you have successfully finished a course of training or study, have the skills necessary to do something, etc. // an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or activity.

Example: Graduates are encouraged to gain professional qualifications.

Pronunciation: /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: qualification


qualified
(adjective) having successfully finished a course of study or training, or having particular skills.

Example:Teachers often have big problems finding other jobs, even though they're highly qualified.

Pronunciation: /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: qualified


qualitative
(adjective) based on information that cannot be easily measured, such as people's opinions and feelings, rather than on information that can be shown in numbers // relating to the qualities of something rather than its quantity.

Example:The collection of qualitative data often yields a huge pile of raw material.

Pronunciation: /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: qualitative


qualitative research
(noun) a type of market research that aims to find out people's opinions and feelings rather than information that can easily be shown in numbers.

Example:If you want to understand the perspective of somebody else, you will first need to employ qualitative research methods.

Pronunciation: /ˈkwɒlɪtətɪv/ /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: qualitative research


qualifying period
(noun) the period of time, especially time spent in your job, before you have the right to receive something or do something.

Example:The government has reduced the two-year qualifying period for unfair dismissal claims to one year.

Pronunciation: /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪɳ/ /ˈpɪə.ri.əd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: qualifying period


quality assurance
(noun) the managing of every stage of a production process to make certain that the goods being produced are of the intended standard.

Example:She is the company's head of worldwide quality assurance.

Pronunciation: /'kwɒləti/ /ə'ʃʊərns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: quality assurance


quantitative
(adjective) relating to numbers or amounts.

Example:She is carrying out a quantitative analysis.

Pronunciation: /ˈkwɒn.tɪ.tə.tɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: quantitative


questionnaire
(noun) a list of questions that several people are asked so that information can be collected about something.

Example:Visitors to the country have been asked to fill in a detailed questionnaire.

Pronunciation: /ˌkwes.tʃəˈneər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: questionnaire


R

receiver
(noun) someone who is asked by a court of law to officially close a bankrupt company by selling its assets, paying as many of its debts as possible, etc.

Example: In the current economic climate, many small businesses have found themselves in the hands of the receiver.

Pronunciation: /rɪ'si:və/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: receiver


recruitment
(noun) The process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job.

Example: The recession has forced a lot of companies to cut down on graduate recruitment.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈkru:t.mənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: recruitment


reduction
(noun) the act of making something, or of something becoming, smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc.

Example: There is a reduction in traffic.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈdʌk.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: reduction


regional
(adjective) relating to or coming from a particular part of a country or a particular part of the world // used to describe a company or an organization that operates in a particular part of a country rather than the whole country.

Example: National advertising has been much harder hit than regional advertising.

Pronunciation: /ˈriːdʒənəl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: regional


regularize
(verb) to change a system or a situation so that it is controlled by a set of official rules.

Example: This agreement will help regularize trade between our two countries.

Pronunciation: /ˈregjʊləraɪz/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: regularize


regulation
(noun) an official rule or law // the activity of checking that a business is following official rules or laws.

Example: They are introducing new policies and regulations for e-commerce.

Pronunciation: /ˌregjəˈleɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: regulation


related to
(phrasal verb) to be directly connected to something, or to refer directly to it.

Example: How closely do its prices relate to its costs?

Pronunciation: /rɪˈleɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: related to


relationship
(noun) the way in which two things are connected.

Example: Scientists have established the relationship between lung cancer and smoking.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈleɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: relationship


reminder
(noun) a letter to a customer asking for a payment that they should already have made.

Example: You should write a reminder.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈmaɪndər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: reminder


request
(verb) to ask for something.

Example: Here are the documents you requested.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈkwest/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: request


requirement
(noun) what is wanted or needed by someone // an official rule about something that it is necessary to have or to do.

Example: It is a requirement that an announcement be made at each stage of any possible venture.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: requirement


requisite
(adjective) necessary for a particular purpose.

Example: Before submitting the application, check that you have the requisite number of signatures.

Pronunciation: /ˈrekwɪzɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: requisite


research
(noun) detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover new information or understand the subject better.

Example: He is conducting detailed research into the effects of advertising on children.

Pronunciation: /rɪsɜ:tʃ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: research


resource
(noun) a useful or valuable possession or quality that a person or organization has, for example, money, time, or skills.

Example: We lack the resources to do the job properly.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈzɔːs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: resource


responsibility
(noun) something that it is your job or duty to deal with.

Example: She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.

Pronunciation: /rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: responsibility


revision
(noun) a change that is made to something, or the process of doing this.

Example: He was forced to make several revisions to his speech.

Pronunciation: /rɪˈvɪʒ.ən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: revision


role
(noun) The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.

Example: His role involves motivating, directing, issuing orders, guiding and leading his subordinates in the day to day performance of office task.

Pronunciation: /rəʊl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: role

S

seal
(noun) an official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, that shows that it is legal or has been officially approved.

Example: The documents were marked with the official seal.

Pronunciation: /siːl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: seal


secretary
(noun) someone who works in an office, writing letters, making telephone calls, organizing meetings, etc. for other people.

Example: She works at the International Convention Centre as a secretary.

Pronunciation: /ˈsekrətəri/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: secretary


selection committee
(noun) a group of people who choose someone to do a job, be involved in an activity, etc.

Example: He sits on the appointments selection committee at British Land.

Pronunciation: /sɪˈlekʃən/ /kəˈmɪti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: selection committee


self-certification
(noun) an official statement that you make about your financial situation, your health, etc.

Example: Self-certification enables borrowers to raise cash on their real earnings rather than sums shown by their accountants.

Pronunciation: /ˌselfˌsɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: self-certification


self-employment
(adjective) not working for an employer but having your own business or finding work for yourself.

Example: 6% of workers in Britain are self-employed.

Pronunciation: /,selfɪm'plɔɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: self-employment


self-confident
(adjective) behaving calmly because you have no doubts about your ability or knowledge.

Example: At school he was popular and self-confident, and we weren't surprised at his later success.

Pronunciation: /ˌselfˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: self-confident


self-sufficient
(adjective) able to provide everything you need, especially food, for yourself without the help of other people.

Example: The programme aims to make the country self-sufficient in food production and to cut energy imports.

Pronunciation: /,self.sə'fɪʃ.nt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: self-sufficient


semester
(noun) one of the periods into which a year is divided at a college or university, especially in the US and Australia.

Example: We are in the first semester.

Pronunciation: /sɪˈmes.tər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: semester


set
(verb) to arrange or decide on something// to state a goal or standard that people should try to achieve.

Example: When it comes to safety, we will set high standards and enforce them.

Pronunciation: /set/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: set


schedule
(noun) a list of planned activities or things to be done showing the times or dates when they are intended to happen or be done.

Example: Everything went according to schedule.

Pronunciation: /ˈʃed.juːl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: schedule


schematic
(adjective) showing the main form and features of something, usually in the form of a drawing, which helps people to understand it.

Example: I am preparing a schematic outline.

Pronunciation: /skɪˈmæt.ɪk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: schematic


sheet
(noun) a large, thin, flat usually rectangular piece of something, especially a piece of cloth used for sleeping on// a piece of paper.

Example: I've put clean sheets on the bed.

Pronunciation: /ʃiːt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: sheet


shadow
(verb) to spend time with someone who is doing a particular job so that you can learn how to do it.

Example: All trainees are expected to spend a week shadowing an experienced manager.

Pronunciation: /'ʃædəʊ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: shadow


shift
(verb) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly.

Example: The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow.

Pronunciation: /ʃɪft/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: shift


signature
(noun) your name written by yourself, always in the same way, usually to show that something has been written or agreed by you.

Example: We need your signature to finish the process.

Pronunciation: /ˈsɪɡ.nɪ.tʃər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: signature


skill
(noun) The learned capacity to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both.

Example: Since a supervisor is often in contact with many different types of people, she must have strong social skills.

Pronunciation: /skɪl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: skill

social network
(noun) a website or computer program that allows people to communicate and share information on the internet using a computer or mobile phone.

Example: We teach children how to deal with cyberbullying and the safe use of chat rooms and social networks.

Pronunciation: /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/ /ˈnet.wɜːk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: social network


socioeconomic
(adjective) related to the differences between groups of people caused mainly by their financial situation.

Example: College Board officials said the difficulties arise more from socioeconomic than from ethnic differences.

Pronunciation: /ˌsəʊ.si.əʊˌek.əˈnɒm.ɪk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: socioeconomic


source
(noun) the place or thing that something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something// someone or something that supplies information.

Example: Industry sources said discussions were taking place.

Pronunciation: /sɔːs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: source


specialist
(noun) someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge, or skill in a particular subject or business area.

Example: She is a specialist in financial services and insurance.

Pronunciation: /ˈspeʃəlɪst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: specialist


specific tax
(noun) a tax that is given as a fixed rate for each unit of a good or service, rather than based on its value.

Example: They agreed to a new specific tax on petroleum products.

Pronunciation: /spəˈsɪfɪk/ /tæks/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: specific tax


specify
(verb) to state or describe something clearly and exactly.

Example: He said we should meet but didn't specify a time.

Pronunciation: /ˈspesɪfaɪ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: specify


staff
(noun) all the people who work for a particular company or organization, or in a particular place.

Example: The company prides itself on the training programmes it provides for its staff.

Pronunciation: /stɑːf/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: staff


starting date
(noun) the planned date for the start of an important activity.

Example: The starting date for the construction work is June 23.

Pronunciation: /stɑːtiŋ/ /deɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: starting date


starting salary
(noun) the annual salary for an employee who is starting a job with a company.

Example: First-year trainees can expect a starting salary of $28,000.

Pronunciation: /stɑːtiŋ//ˈsæləri/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: starting salary


start-up
(noun) a business that has just been started// the act or process of starting or making something start.

Example: The startup of our manufacturing operations in China continues on an accelerated schedule.

Pronunciation: /stɑːt/ /ʌp/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: start-up


state school
(noun) a school that is free to go to because the government provides the money for it.

Example: My children attend a state school.

Pronunciation: /steɪt/ /skuːl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: state school


stay
(verb) to not move away from or leave a place or situation.

Example: They need an assistant who is willing to stay for six months.

Pronunciation: /steɪ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: stay


stereotype
(noun) A fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong.

Example: The characters in the book are just stereotypes.

Pronunciation: /ˈster.i.ə.taɪp/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: stereotype


superb
(adjective) of excellent quality; very great.

Example: He is a superb dancer.

Pronunciation: /suːˈpɜːb/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: superb


supervisor
(noun) a person whose job is to supervise someone or something.

Example: We need to employ more supervisory staff.

Pronunciation: /ˈsuː.pə.vaɪ.zər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: supervisor


support
(verb) to agree with and give encouragement to someone or something because you want them to succeed.

Example: My father supported the Labour Party all his life.

Pronunciation: /səˈpɔːt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: support


survey
(noun) an examination of people's opinions, behaviour, etc. made, for example, by asking them questions.

Example: A survey of 584 companies has found that there is no relationship between a company's sales incentive plan structure and its gain or loss in market share.

Pronunciation: /'sɜ:veɪ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: survey


syllabus
(noun) (a plan showing) the subjects or books to be studied in a particular course, especially a course that leads to an exam.

Example: Which novels are on the syllabus this year?

Pronunciation: /ˈsɪl.ə.bəs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: syllabus


symposium
(noun) an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.

Example: A symposium on European cinema.

Pronunciation: /sɪmˈpəʊ.zi.əm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: symposium


synergy
(noun) the combined power, profits, etc. That can be achieved by two organizations or groups of people working together rather than separately.

Example: The merger will help the manufacturing company achieve synergies that will allow it to remain competitive.

Pronunciation: /'sɪnəʤi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: synergy


system
(noun) a set of connected things or devices that operate together.

Example: This is a central-heating system.

Pronunciation: /ˈsɪs.təm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: system


systems analyst
(noun) a person who examines complicated industrial and business operations in order to find ways of improving them, especially by the introduction of computer programs and equipment.

Example: He is a systems analyst.

Pronunciation: /ˈsɪs.təms/ /ˈæn.ə.lɪst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: systems analyst


T

target audience
(noun) the particular group of people to which an advertisement, a product, a website or a television or radio programme is directed.

Example: The new campaign aims to reach a target audience of consumers 45 years old and younger.

Pronunciation: /ˈtɑːgɪt/ /ˈɔːdɪəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: target audience


target language
(noun) A language that you are changing spoken or written words into.

Example: I usually translate from the source language into Spanish, the target language.

Pronunciation: /ˈtɑːgɪt/ /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: target language


task
(noun) a piece of work to be done, especially one done regularly, unwillingly, or with difficulty

Example: The new team's first task will be to ensure a smooth handover of power.

Pronunciation: /tɑːsk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: task


task-oriented
(adjective) a task-oriented leader, manager, etc. focuses on getting a job done without worrying about the personal development or satisfaction of the team.// Task-oriented programs are designed to particular jobs, such as calculations, creating text and images, etc.

Example: Task-oriented leaders can have difficulties in motivating and retaining staff.

Pronunciation: /ta:sk/ /'ɔ:rientɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: task-oriented


technical efficiency
(noun) a situation in which a company or a particular machine produces the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, labour, etc. that are available.

Example: We place a lot of emphasis on technical efficiency and speed of operation.

Pronunciation: /ˈteknɪkəl/ /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: technical efficiency


technical support
(noun) an advice service provided by a computer company, often by phone, for customers who have bought a product and are having problems using it. The department providing this service is also called technical support.

Example: If you encounter any problems, contact the manufacturer's technical support.

Pronunciation: /ˈteknɪkəl/ /səˈpɔːt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: technical support


technology
(noun) the use of scientific knowledge or processes in business, industry, manufacturing, etc.// new machinery and equipment that has been developed using scientific knowledge or processes.

Example: Roll-out of the new technology has been dogged by technical problems and secrecy.

Pronunciation: /tekˈnɒlədʒi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: technology


temporary
(adjective) a temporary job or contract lasts only for a short period of time// a temporary worker is employed only for a short period of time.

Example: According to the report, over 6% of the labour force are working on a temporary basis.

Pronunciation: /ˈtempərəri/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: temporary


terminology
(noun) special words or expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity.

Example: Scientific terminology.

Pronunciation: /ˌtɜː.mɪˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: terminology


timetable
(noun) a list of the times when events are planned to happen, especially the times when buses, trains, and planes leave and arrive.

Example: The timetable for our trip to Paris includes visits to Notre-Dame and the Louvre.

Pronunciation: /ˈtaɪmˌteɪ.bl̩/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: timetable


title
(noun) the name of a film, book, painting, piece of music, etc.

Example: The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was 'Decline and Fall'.

Pronunciation: /ˈtaɪ.tl̩/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: title


tourism
(noun) the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay, or entertainment for people who are on holiday.

Example: Tourism is Venice's main industry.

Pronunciation: /ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: tourism


trainee
(noun) a person who is learning and practising the skills of a particular job.

Example: A trainee dentist/electrician.

Pronunciation: /ˌtreɪˈniː/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: trainee


training
(noun) the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity.

Example: New staff have/receive a week's training in how to use the system.

Pronunciation: /ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: training


training programme
(noun) Organized activity aimed at imparting information and/or instructions to improve the recipient's performance or to help him or her attain a required level of knowledge or skill.

Example: Every summer, the British Museum runs a training programme for museum professionals from around the world.

Pronunciation: /ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/ /ˈprəʊ.græm/

SupremeWholeness.com: training programme


transition
(noun) a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens.

Example: There will be an interim government to oversee the transition to democracy.

Pronunciation: /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: transition


transformation
(noun) a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved.

Example: Local people have mixed feelings about the planned transformation of their town into a regional capital.

Pronunciation: /ˌtræns.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: transformation


transcription
(noun) a written record of words or music.

Example: This is a phonetic transcription of the conversations that were recorded on tape.

Pronunciation: /trænˈskrɪp.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: transcription


translation
(noun) something that is translated, or the process of translating something, from one language to another.

Example: The children do one French translation a week.

Pronunciation: /trænsˈleɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: translation


transnational
(adjective) involving several nations.

Example: It is a transnational corporation.

Pronunciation: /ˌtrænzˈnæʃ.ən.əl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: transnational


tutor
(noun) a teacher who works with one student or a small group, either at a British college or university or in the home of a child.

Example: His tutor encouraged him to read widely in philosophy.

Pronunciation: /ˈtjuː.tər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: tutor


tutorial
(noun) a period of study with a tutor involving one student or a small group.

Example: Next week you are going to follow a tutorial.

Pronunciation: /tjuːˈtɔː.ri.əl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: tutorial


U

uncertainty
(noun) the feeling of not being sure what will happen in the future.

Example: The rule changes are complicated and cause uncertainty for workers and headaches for employers.

Pronunciation: /ʌn'sɜ:tnti/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: uncertainty


undergraduate
(noun) a student who is studying for their first degree at college or university.

Example: It is a summer course for undergraduate students.

Pronunciation: /ˌʌn.dəˈɡræd.ju.ət/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: undergraduate


unemployment
(noun) the number of people who do not have a job that provides money.

Example: Unemployment has fallen/risen again for the third consecutive month.

Pronunciation: /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: unemployment


unemployment benefit
(noun) money that the government pays to unemployed people who are looking for a job.

Example: She receives an unemployment benefit.

Pronunciation: /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: unemployment benefit


unemployment rate
(noun) the number or percentage of people in a country or area who do not have jobs.

Example: Britain's unemployment rate inched up last month amid weakening job growth.

Pronunciation: /,ʌnɪm'plɔɪmənt/ /reɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: unemployment rate


up to date
(adjective) modern, recent, or containing the latest information.

Example: Great trouble is taken to keep our database up to date.

Pronunciation: /ˌʌp.təˈdeɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: up to date


V

value
(noun) the amount of money that something is worth// how good or useful something is in relation to its price.

Example: This mortgage is available for up to 95% of the property's value.

Pronunciation: /ˈvæljuː/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: value


visit
(verb) to go to a place in order to look at it, or to a person in order to spend time with them// to go to a website on the internet.

Example: We visited a few galleries while we were in Prague.

Pronunciation: /ˈvɪz.ɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: visit


vocation
(noun) a type of work that you feel you are suited to doing and to which you should give all your time and energy, or the feeling that a type of work suits you in this way.

Example: "We need teachers who regard their profession as a vocation, not just a job," said the Minister.

Pronunciation: /vəʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: vocation


vocational
(adjective) providing skills and education that prepare you for a job.

Example: The Swedes regard vocational training as a part of a youngster's education.

Pronunciation: /vəʊˈkeɪ.ʃən.əl/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: vocational


validate
(verb) to make something officially acceptable or approved, especially after examining it.

Example: The data is validated automatically by the computer after it has been entered.

Pronunciation: /ˈvæl.ɪ.deɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: validation


W

wage
(noun) an amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee for their work.

Example: We pay the highest wages of any theatrical employer in the world.

Pronunciation: /wɪʤ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: wage


waive
(verb) to not demand something you have a right to, or not cause a rule to be obeyed.

Example: The bank manager waived the charge (= said we didn't have to pay), as we were old and valued customers.

Pronunciation: /weɪv/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: waive


web
(noun) the system of connected documents on the internet, often containing pictures, video, and sound, that can be searched for information about a particular subject.

Example: Most of the work can be done using your own computer to access the web.

Pronunciation: /web/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: web


web page
(noun) a page of information on the internet about a particular subject, that forms part of a website.

Example: Clients will be offered customised web pages with details of their policies and investments.

Pronunciation: /web//peɪdʒ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: web page


work
(verb) to do a job, especially to earn money.

Example: He works as a computer technician.

Pronunciation: /wɜːk/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: work


work experience
(noun) a period of time during which a young person, usually a student, works for a company or organization in order to get experience of a particular type of work.

Example: Networking, work experience, and shadowing are now usual steps on the path to employment.

Pronunciation: /wɜ:k/ /ɪk'spɪəriəns/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: work experience


workmate
(noun) a person who works in the same place as you, especially one who you are friendly with.

Example: I went out for a drink with a few workmates.

Pronunciation: /'wɜ:k.meɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: workmate


work permit
(noun) an official document that allows a foreigner to work in a country for a particular period.

Example: Skilled workers have long been able to apply for work permits.

Pronunciation: /wɜːk/ /ˈpɜːmɪt/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: work permit


workplace
(noun) a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these places generally.

Example: We are trying to eliminate sex discrimination in the workplace.

Pronunciation: /ˈwɜːkpleɪs/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: workplace


world language
(noun) a language that is used in many different countries.

Example: Businesses need people skilled in world languages and economics.

Pronunciation: /wɜːld/ /ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: world language


worldwide
(adjective, adverb) existing or happening in all parts of the world.

Example: An increase in average temperature by only a few degrees could cause environmental problems worldwide.

Pronunciation: /ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: worldwide


X

x-efficiency
(noun) a situation in which a company or a particular machine produces the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, or labour that it has available.

Example: The report showed that banks were still operating at 60% below the x-efficiency level.

Pronunciation: /ˈeks / /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: x-efficiency


x-inefficiency
(noun) a situation in which a company or a particular machine fails to produce the largest possible number of goods with the time, materials, or labour that it has available.

Example: The company's x-inefficiency and high prices are mainly the result of a lack of competition in the market.

Pronunciation: /ˈeks //ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənsi/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: x-inefficiency

Y

yahoo
(noun) a rude, loud, unpleasant person, especially one who has little education.

Example: She is a yahoo.

Pronunciation: /ˈjɑː.huː/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: yahoo


year end
(noun) the end of the financial year, or the end of December.

Example: Banks have been slow to increase their lending at year end.

Pronunciation: /jɪər/ /end/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: year end


year planner
(noun) a software program or a large document put on a wall, showing the days, weeks, and months of the year, which you use to plan your activities.

Example: The icon offers a quick way to access a year planner, with jobs by season easily arranged.

Pronunciation: /jɪər//ˈplænər/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: year planner


yield
(noun) the total amount of profit or income produced from a business or investment.

Example: These securities are speculative and may involve greater risks and have higher yields.

Pronunciation: /jiːld/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: yield


yours faithfully
(adverb) used at the end of a formal or business letter when the letter is to someone you do not know the name of.

Example: Yours faithfully,

Pronunciation: /jɔːz/ /ˈfeɪθfəli/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: yours faithfully


yours sincerely
(adverb) used at the end of a formal letter before you sign your name.

Example: Yours sincerely,

Pronunciation: /jɔːz/ /sɪnˈsɪəli/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: yours sincerely


Z

zealot
(noun) a person who has very strong opinions about something, and tries to make other people have them too.

Example: He is a religious zealot.

Pronunciation: /ˈzel.ət/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: zealot


zeitgeist
(noun) the general set of ideas, beliefs, feelings, etc. that is typical of a particular period in history.

Example: The zeitgeist of the 20th century is present today.

Pronunciation: /ˈtsaɪt.ɡaɪst/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: zeitgeist


zigzag
(noun) a line or pattern that looks like a Z or a row of Zs joined together.

Example: The children ran in zigzags around the playground until they were exhausted.

Pronunciation: /ˈzɪɡ.zæɡ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: zigzag


zone
(noun) an area, especially one that is different from the areas around it because it has different characteristics or is used for different purposes.

Example: This stretch of coast has been designated a danger zone.

Pronunciation: /zəʊn/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: zone


zoning
(noun) the act of deciding, or the decision that has been taken about, what particular use an area should have.

Example: There are some zoning laws.

Pronunciation: /ˈzəʊ.nɪŋ/

Cambridge Dictionary Online: zoning


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